The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 has been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for groundbreaking discoveries that explain how the body’s immune system is kept in check to prevent it from attacking its own organs.
Mary E. Brunkow (born 1961) earned her Ph.D. from Princeton University, USA, and currently serves as Senior Program Manager at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle. Fred Ramsdell (born 1960) received his Ph.D.
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