Germany is famous for its directness, yet Germans often avoid conflict in subtle, passive-aggressive ways – a contradiction which can leave newcomers scratching their heads at best and outright offended at worst.

Passive-aggressive behaviour is a universal phenomenon. Yet the way it’s expressed can be as distinct as regional cuisine or the national sense of humour.

By recognising these cultural nuances, foreign residents can navigate social and professional life with greater ease – and maybe even come to appreciate the subtle art of German passive-aggression.

Here are five classic German passive-aggressive habits and some tips on how to handle them with grace – and maybe even a smile.

Invoking a higher authority

Anyone who has been “tsked” for crossing the road on a red man in Germany will have some idea of how people in the country tend to defer to authority figures.

There is some wisdom in this. A society in which people can agree to follow a common set of rules is likely to be largely harmonious.

There are times, however, when the tendency to defer to a higher authority has the unmistakable feel of passive-aggre