Over P115 billion was found to have been allocated for “shadow” flood control projects this year, according to a study by the University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance (UP-NCPAG).
It found that the “shadow” flood control budget, which covers projects outside the official Flood Management Program (FMMP), had substantially and “consistently grown over the years," from P81.552 billion in 2022 to P115.262 billion in 2025.
“This means that in the 2025 GAA, the budget for flood control projects outside the FMP is nearly 50% larger than the FMP’s own allocation,” the UP-NCPAG said in a policy note released on Friday.
“To
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