The crises, on their own, would not have brought down these regimes. Economic regime change has always been accompanied by popular and elite rebellions whose significance often came into sharp relief only once the new regime had consolidated.
The old regime capitalism of the 18th and 19th Centuries was assaulted from three directions. Enslaved workers in the Americas pushed against their enslavement in a series of revolts, ranging from the Haitian revol
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