The cycle of instability in the post-Ottoman Middle East has continued for more than a century. Extra-regional powers have exploited this cycle in their struggle for dominance. In every period, new dynamics were added to those producing instability.
Roughly over the past two decades, the Middle East has simultaneously faced state collapse, proxy wars waged through non-state actors, mass migrations, Israelβs uninterrupted massacres and sectarian and ethnicity-based security crises. All of these developments have deepened the regionβs security vacuum.
The ongoing great-power competition over the region has rendered states fragile and expanded the intra-regional spiral of distrust. Rather than pursuing collective security arrangements that could reduce the security dilemma, leaders have acted on the assumpti
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