The end of 2025 came with an unpleasant surprise. Israel decided to formally recognize Somaliland, the breakaway region from Somalia. Experts underline that the region covering the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa should be accepted as a regional security complex. Therefore, whatever happened in Somalia in terms of integrity, sovereignty and the fight against terrorism may affect the broader region, lying between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. In this area, the stability has depended on a fragile balance among the embedded regional actors, which have records of both cooperation and rivalry. In the context of Somalia, Israelโs move may destabilize Ethiopia-Somali, Eritrea-Somali, Djibouti-Somali, and, of course, Egypt-Ethiopia relations and may create complexities for the relations between the United Ara
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