Now, that trust is gone, and a partnership based on common interests has been replaced by a flexible transactionalism . The focus is on horse trading and ad-hoc deals, such as the U.S.-EU trade framework agreement and the purchase of U.S. weapons by European NATO members on behalf of Ukraine, which I proposed in these pages long before it came about.

The nature of the trans-Atlantic alliance has dramatically shifted. Over four generations, the West was built on long-term trust and open-ended collaboration on common interests: containing the Soviets during the Cold War, expanding the liberal order, defeating al Qaeda and the Islamic State, countering Russian aggression, and meeting the China challenge.

The nature of the trans-Atlantic alliance has dramatically shifted. Over four generations, the West was built on long-term trust and open-ended collaboration on common interests: containing the Soviets during the Cold War, expanding the liberal order, defeating al Qae

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