The violation of Polish airspace with Russian drones on the night of Sept. 9-10 is one of the most straightforward examples of how the West is already experiencing direct Russian aggression. At the same time, the intrusion was accompanied by a coherent, multi-layered Russian information operation conducted by the Kremlin’s disinformation apparatus both domestically and abroad. This approach represents Moscow’s typical mode of operation, where it concurrently utilizes a range of hybrid methods: physical attacks — frequently hard to attribute — alongside information-related measures like propaganda, disinformation and influence campaigns, all aimed at magnifying the desired impact. The objective is to disorient and undermine the adversary, ultimately forcing them into choices beneficial to the Kremlin. The Kremlin’s information operation that accompanied the drones sought to accomplish multiple objectives: rebuffing allegations of Russian responsibility for the attack, spreading
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