During Donald Trumpโ€™s first administration, commentators sagely advised that his words, were to be โ€œtaken seriously, not literallyโ€. Experience suggests that formula puts the cart before the horse.

A new US National Security Strategy and a series of comments from US officials, presidential proxies and Trump himself, have culminated in what could be one of the most profound crises for Atlanticism, the security doctrine that has sustained peace and democracy in Europe since the end of the second world war.

Where Trumpโ€™s point of departure was once the failure of Europe to

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